“吃貨”與“美食家”

人們?cè)谟^看電視紀(jì)錄片《舌尖上的中國(guó)》時(shí)，自然會(huì)想到“吃貨”這個(gè)詞。“吃貨”指“喜歡吃各類美食的人”。英語(yǔ)可以譯為 foodie或 foody，人們用不同表述來(lái)定義 foodie，例如：

1. A foodie/foody refers to someone who has an ardent and enthusiastic interest in the preparation and consumption of good food.“吃貨”指對(duì)烹調(diào)和品嘗美食有濃烈興趣的人。

2. A foodie/foody is a person who has a refined interest in good food and drink. A foodie seeks new food experiences as a hobby.“吃貨”是對(duì)美食和美酒有雅趣的人。“吃貨”把尋求新的美食經(jīng)歷作為嗜好。

被稱為“吃貨”的人愛(ài)吃，會(huì)吃，甚至?xí)觯瑢?duì)美食有一種獨(dú)特的追求和向往，例如：

3. Numerous restaurants in this area offer foodies a choice of Chinese food, Indian food and Korean food.這個(gè)區(qū)域的眾多餐館為吃貨們提供了中國(guó)菜、印度菜和韓國(guó)料理等多種選擇。

“吃貨”是個(gè)通俗詞，漢語(yǔ)另有高雅的同義詞，例如“美食愛(ài)好者”“美食客”“美食家”“美食達(dá)人”等。英語(yǔ)的 foodie或 foody也是通俗詞，另有不少高雅的同義詞，像 gourmet, gastronome, gastronomist, bon vivant, connoisseur, epicure, epicurean等，例如：

4. A gourmet is someone who not only enjoys good food, but also knows a lot about food and wine.美食家是不僅享受美食，而且非常精通美食美酒的人。

5. The fish dish my mother cooks is so delicacies that beguiles even the mostdiscerning gourmet.我媽媽燒的魚(yú)非常美味，甚至最識(shí)貨的美食家都會(huì)著迷。

gourmet還可以用作定語(yǔ)，修飾 food，wine，cuisine，cooking，dinner等與飲食有關(guān)的名詞，例如：

6. John is a committed party-goer, and loves gourmet food and wine.約翰熱衷于參加派對(duì)，酷愛(ài)美食美酒。

7. This restaurant serves authentic gourmet Sichuan-style cuisine for lunch and dinner.這家餐館的午餐與晚餐提供正宗美味川菜。

gastronome和 gastronomist都是“美食家”，但有細(xì)微區(qū)別，前者注重烹調(diào)術(shù)，而后者更關(guān)心飲食文化，例如：

8. A gastronome looks at how fresh the food is, how it is prepared, which flavours are used, and how it is presented.美食家注重食物新鮮程度，如何烹制，使用什么調(diào)味品，以及如何呈現(xiàn)。

9. A gastronome is well versed in gastronomy, while a gastronomist unites theory and practice in the study of gastronomy. gastronome精通烹調(diào)術(shù)，而 gastronomist在研究烹調(diào)術(shù)時(shí)將理論與實(shí)踐結(jié)合。

bon vivant源自法語(yǔ)，直譯為 good liver，即“快樂(lè)生活的人”，相當(dāng)于“錦衣玉食者”。法國(guó)人也是以食為天，講究飲食，故 bon vivant具有“美食家”的內(nèi)涵，例如：

10. A bon vivant is a person with cultivated, refined, and sociable tastes, especially with respect to food and drink.美食家是有教養(yǎng)、雅致而愛(ài)交際的人，尤其在美食美酒方面很有品位。

connoisseur也源自法語(yǔ)，是鑒賞藝術(shù)的行家。法國(guó)人將享受美食美酒作為飲食文化。如果 connoisseur解釋為“美食家”，則強(qiáng)調(diào)鑒賞美食美酒的能力，例如：

11. A connoisseur is an expert in a particular subject, knowing a lot about art, or food and wine.鑒賞家是某一特定領(lǐng)域的專家，熟知藝術(shù)或美食美酒。

epicure尤指喜歡吃稀奇食物的美食家，例如：

12. An epicure cultivates a refined taste, especially in food and wine.美食家養(yǎng)成了雅致的品位，尤其在美食美酒方面。

epicurean尤指追求奢侈和舒適的美食家，例如：

13. An epicurean is devoted to the pursuit of sensual pleasure, especially to the enjoyment of good food and comfort.美食家一門心思追求感官愉悅，特別是享受美食和舒適生活。

上述表示“美食家”意思的英語(yǔ)詞匯，著重點(diǎn)不同。 gourmet強(qiáng)調(diào)喜愛(ài)美食； gastronome強(qiáng)調(diào)美食烹飪過(guò)程； gastronomist強(qiáng)調(diào)美食烹飪知識(shí)； bon vivant強(qiáng)調(diào)享受生活，享受美食； connoisseur強(qiáng)調(diào)美食鑒賞； epicure強(qiáng)調(diào)享受稀奇美食； epicurean強(qiáng)調(diào)享受奢侈美食。

下面是一個(gè)意大利美食家的故事：

I have had great interest in culinary art since I was a little boy. I liked making experiments in the kitchen when I was young. I studied chemistry at school, and I found that both chemistry and cooking were to put things together and create surprise. Cooking makes me younger. I’ve been working as an Italian chef in countries like Italy and Netherlands. And I won’t give up my research on Italian food，which has already lasted for 15 years, because it’s a job that you will never say “I know it all”. I also wish that cooking can be my lifelong career, because it makes me keep on studying new things every day and helps me cultivate my culinary skills. Among various Western foods, I favour Italian food. As the originator of Western-style food, Italian food is famous for its exquisitely made dishes. It’s elegant, noble, and rich in flavour. Let’s compare it with French food. We all know French food has many different steps in cooking and takes a lot of time for preparation. Conversely, Italian food is quick, simple and tasty. The well-known pizza, pasta, seafood and dessert are worldwide famous.

我從小就對(duì)烹飪非常感興趣，年輕時(shí)喜歡在廚房里實(shí)驗(yàn)做飯。我在學(xué)校學(xué)過(guò)化學(xué)，發(fā)現(xiàn)化學(xué)和烹飪都是把不同的東西攪合在一起，制造出令人驚訝的效果。烹飪使我年輕。我曾在意大利與荷蘭等國(guó)家當(dāng)意大利菜主廚。我不會(huì)放棄對(duì)意大利菜已延續(xù)了 15年的研究，因?yàn)檫@是件你永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)說(shuō)“我什么都懂”的事。我還希望一輩子都能以烹飪?yōu)闃I(yè)，因?yàn)樗刮颐刻於紙?jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)新東西，幫助我在廚藝上精益求精。在各式各樣的西餐中，我對(duì)意大利菜情有獨(dú)鐘。作為西餐之源，意大利菜以精制菜肴著稱。它典雅、高貴且味道濃重。讓我們將它與法國(guó)菜進(jìn)行比較。我們都知道法國(guó)菜烹調(diào)時(shí)要分許多不同的步驟，準(zhǔn)備時(shí)要花很多時(shí)間。相反，意大利菜快捷、簡(jiǎn)單而味美。大家耳熟能詳?shù)谋人_餅、意大利面、海鮮和甜品都馳名世界。

（選自《英語(yǔ)世界》2014年第8期）

（作者 王逢鑫，編輯 Helen）