The first six-month phase of the study provides new insights into food cravings, specific types of foods craved, and their role in weight control.

¡°Cravings are really normal; almost everyone has them,¡± says corresponding author Susan Roberts, PhD, director of the USDA HNRCA¡¯s Energy Metabolism Laboratory. At the start of the study, 91 percent of the participants reported having food cravings, which are defined as an intense desire to eat a specific food.

¡°Most people feel guilty about having food cravings but the results of this study indicate that they are so normal that nobody needs to feel they are unusual in this respect,¡± says Roberts.

In addition, the results indicate that cravings don¡¯t go away during dieting.

¡°In fact, 94 percent of the study participants reported cravings after six months of dieting. Participants who lost a greater percentage of body weight gave in to their cravings less frequently. Allowing yourself to have the foods you crave, but doing so less frequently may be one of the most important keys to successful weight control,¡± Roberts said.

Roberts and colleagues observed that successful weight loss was related not only to how often people gave in to their cravings, but also to the types of foods they craved.

¡°Participants with a higher percentage of weight loss actually craved foods with higher energy (calorie) density, compared with those who lost a lower percentage of body weight,¡± said Roberts, who is also a professor at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University.

¡°Energy-dense foods, such as chocolate and some salty snacks, are those that pack the most calories per unit of volume, as compared to less energy-dense foods like fruits and vegetables, which have fewer calories per unit of volume,¡± explains Cheryl Gilhooly, PhD, MPH, research dietitian and first author of the study,

The study, which was part of the one-year CALERIE trial, involved 32 overweight but otherwise healthy women, 20 to 42 years of age, who were randomly assigned to two diets that differed in glycemic load, a measurement of how quickly the carbohydrates in a person¡¯s diet are converted to blood sugar.

¡°These findings suggest,¡± says Roberts, ¡°that cravings are for calories, not carbohydrate, as is widely assumed. What is commonly called carbohydrate addiction should probably be relabelled as calorie addiction,¡± she added.

Some of the most commonly craved foods among study participants were foods that have high sugar plus fat, such as chocolate, and salty snacks, such as chips and French fries.

¡°The craved foods do have carbohydrate, but they also have fat, and some protein, too. The most identifiable thing about the foods people crave is that they are highly dense in calories,¡± Roberts said.

¡°This is the first study of long-term changes in food cravings in a calorie-restriction program. If individuals understand that they can expect cravings and that those cravings will be for calorie-dense foods, it might help in their weight management. One thing to do is to substitute foods that taste similar but have fewer calories, since the craving can be satisfied by related tastes,¡± Roberts said.

Roberts and colleagues conclude that cravings for energy-dense foods are common. Although they caution that additional long-term studies are needed to confirm their findings,

Controlling the frequency of giving in to cravings, rather than suppressing them may be an important area of emphasis in future weight control programs.

Primary results from the CALERIE study were reported in an earlier issue of Friedman Nutrition Notes.