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This is Gwen Outen with the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.
Clay soil is a problem for soybean farmers. When the soil is dry, the
clay shrinks and breaks up. This condition damages the root system of the
plants.
A few years ago, two United States Agriculture Department researchers
made a discovery. They found a simple way to grow more soybeans in dry
soil that contains a lot of heavy clay.
Soybean farmers with heavy clay soils usually till the earth about 10 to 15 centimeters
deep. The researchers found that preparing the soil to a depth of 30 to 40
centimeters is better. The seeds are still planted about two to three
centimeters below the surface.
The system of preparing the soil this way is called subsoiling. It breaks up hard areas
of soil that form when the clay dries. And it does not harm crop materials
on the surface.
Subsoiling is done with a device that looks something like a large hook
to catch fish. Farmers pull it through the ground to break up the soil
structure.
Subsoiling permits water to reach areas below the surface quickly. More
water is stored in the soil than would be with traditional ways.
Increasing the ability of the soil to hold water produces bigger crops.
It also helps the environment. Less water runs off the land. And less soil
is washed away. The researchers said that subsoiling is probably not
needed every year.
Richard Wesley and Lowrey Smith made their discovery at an Agricultural
Research Service laboratory in the state of Mississippi. They found that
farms with deep subsoiling produced almost fifty percent more soybeans
than farms with traditional methods.
The farms with subsoiling produced, on average, more than 470 kilograms
of soybeans per hectare. Farm with traditional planting, but without
watering systems, produced 320 kilograms per hectare.
Lowrey Smith also found improvements with cotton. Studies in the past
showed that subsoiling clay soil in the spring does not improve cotton
harvests. In the spring, the soil still holds rainwater. So the subsoiling
process is unable to change the soil structure to prepare it for cotton
production.
Mister Smith did his studies in the fall, when the soil was dry. He
found that subsoiling in the fall increased harvests of cotton, just as
with soybeans.
This VOA Special English Agriculture Report was written by Avi Arditti.
This is Gwen Outen. | 
