How the public toilet changed Hong Kong

Lo Wing-lok, president of the Hong Kong Toilet Association, describes them in even more grandiose terms: "It gives a first impression to people — how affluent and civilized a community is," he told HK Magazine in 2007. At the height of its power, ancient Rome was renowned for its affordable public toilets and bathhouses.

When the money goes, though, so do public toilets. New York began scaling back its network of public toilets in the 1970s, when the city teetered on the brink of bankruptcy and crime and vandalism surged. The same story was repeated in many other cities, which cut public services in tough economic times and never bothered to restore them.

"It's a voluntary provision so it's an easy place to save money," says Ramster, who studies public toilet accessibility in the United Kingdom. Closing public toilets creates hidden costs, however, because it makes the city less accessible to people who frequently use the toilet, like the elderly, pregnant women and parents with young children. "As one lady said, 'People don't stop needing to go just because they close the toilets,'" says Ramster. "So if an alternative is not nearby, people are either going home early or going elsewhere, and that's bad for the local community and local businesses."

This isn't a problem Hong Kong has had to face, thanks to ample reserves of government cash. In fact, it is actually taking the opposite approach. Over the past 10 years, the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department has doubled its number of public toilets. It has even gone so far as to open what Lo calls "five-star toilets" at tourist sites like the Lam Tsuen Wishing Tree, where a HK$2.8 million toilet was built to resemble a tile-roofed villa, with live orchids inside and an auspicious (and expensive) Buddhist pine outside the front door.

In fact, the government has been criticized for spending too much on Hong Kong's public toilets. Another landmark toilet overlooking the Tsing Ma Bridge cost nearly HK$10 million, thanks to features like a waiting lounge in the women's room and piped-in classical music. All told, the government has spent more than HK$110 million renovating public toilets over the past four years. Forty percent of toilets are staffed by attendants, most of whom work for private contractors; the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department could not provide any details on operating costs and whether these have risen since the minimum wage law was passed last year.

One toilet that is not slated for renovation can be found on Pound Lane. After 108 years, the site of Hong Kong's first public toilet and bathhouse could be cleared to make way for a new outdoor escalator link. "Even if it's not appreciated, it's quite significant," says Lau Kwok-wai. "We hope it can be kept."

Ramster says toilets are often an afterthought when designing public spaces. "Yet they're as an important a service as somewhere to buy a drink, catch a bus, or park a car," she says. "Everyone needs toilets when away from home." In many cases, toilet services are off loaded to private businesses, which introduces a host of new problems. "Private businesses operate in the best interests of commercial profit, not the public good," says Ramster. "They will design environments and allow behaviour that is in the best interests of commerce rather than society."

That's certainly true in Hong Kong, where commercial property developers go out of their way to make toilets as small as possible in order to maximize shop space. Last May, the Hong Kong Toilet Association drew attention to a toilet in the newly-opened Celestial Heights mall in Ho Man Tin, where the men’s room is half the size specified in the building plans. Eight urinals are crammed into a space just 2.5 square meters in area; the urinals are so close together that men’s backs would touch if two of them were to use urinals on opposite walls.

Another problem inherent in privately-run toilets is the chronic lack of space for women, who take twice as long to use the toilet as men and who therefore need a greater number of stalls. In Hong Kong's shopping malls, it's common for men to breeze past long lines of women waiting for their turn to relieve themselves. According to a study by the Development Bureau, 88 percent of Hong Kong men say they never need to queue for the toilet, compared to just 44 percent of women. The bureau says it plans to mandate a new ratio of 1.5 female toilets for every male toilet, though it could take years for the new policy to have an effect, since existing buildings will not be affected until they undergo a major renovation.

Still, compared to most cities, Hong Kong is well ahead of the porcelain curve. Over the past 10 years, Hong Kong has doubled its number of public toilets.