The field of mural restoration has evolved significantly, merging traditional craftsmanship with cutting-edge technology. For the Han Xiu's tomb murals, advanced instruments and methods like extended depth of field microscopes, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy became invaluable tools.
"These devices are like the 'checkup tools' for the murals," Jin explains. "They help us understand the structure, pigment composition and condition of the murals."
Through scientific analysis, the restorers gain crucial insights into the murals, allowing them to craft tailored restoration strategies. For example, during the restoration of the Yue Wu Tu mural, or Picture of Music and Dancing, spectral analysis revealed that certain patterns had been modified by the original Tang Dynasty artist.
"These changes were part of the original creation process," Jin explains, emphasizing how technology helps uncover the artwork's authentic history.
In addition, the repairers in the lab carefully select materials and methods through a series of experiments, ensuring they use the most appropriate materials for each restoration. "Even choosing the right adhesive requires extensive testing," Jin adds.
According to Jin, the philosophy of mural restoration is to preserve the mural's integrity. One of the core principles in artifact conservation is the preservation of the original state.
"Our goal is never to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the mural by adding color or lines that weren't part of the original. We restore missing sections with a neutral filler and later refine the overall aesthetic to ensure harmony, but we never paint over or alter the original artwork," Jin says.
This approach prioritizes the integrity of the artifact, ensuring it remains as close as possible to its original form.
"We want the murals to retain their authentic appearance," Jin says. "This 'authentic protection' respects the mural's historical value, allowing future generations to study the original as it was."
In recent years, the field of artifact restoration has captured public attention, especially through popular TV shows like National Treasure, produced by the China Media Group, which showcases national treasures from cultural institutions, and the three-part TV documentary Masters in the Forbidden City.
The work of an artifact restoration technician is time-consuming, demanding patience and precision.
"Restoration is a test of one's mental fortitude. Every step requires complete focus because even the smallest mistake can result in irreversible damage," Jin recalls.
She remembers her early days when the pressure of working with such precious, delicate murals was overwhelming. "But as time went on, I became fascinated by the history embedded in the artwork," she says. "When we finish restoring a mural, I can almost feel the vibrancy of that ancient dynasty, as if we're touching the pulse of a bygone era."
Jin also emphasizes the importance of teamwork. "Our team is primarily made up of young people born in the 1990s, and the atmosphere is great. Restoration is a collective effort, and any mistake at one stage can affect the entire project. Cooperation is key."
Jin is among the 14 female conservators at the Shaanxi History Museum. Their craftsmanship and dedication bring ancient works of art back to life.
The museum has also set up a transparent working area open to the public, showcasing the restoration process.
"Through these exhibitions and interactive activities, we aim to make the public not just spectators but active participants in the preservation of cultural heritage," says Jin. "When I see more and more people taking an interest in our work, I feel both proud and responsible."
Looking to the future, Jin is hopeful. "With advancing technology, we will have even more precise tools to protect our cultural relics," she says. "At the same time, we hope to continue engaging the public through exhibitions and interactive experiences, fostering a greater appreciation for the preservation of cultural heritage."
In early 2024, an exhibition titled Splendid Tang Dynasty: Archaeological Excavation and Conservation of Murals in Han Xiu's Tomb was held at the Shaanxi History Museum, showcasing 21 murals from the tomb for the first time.
"These murals cover a range of aspects, from music and dance to daily life and natural scenery, depicting the lifestyles and social landscape of the officials of the Tang Dynasty," said Gao Xiaochao, head of the mural conservation branch department under the museum's protection and restoration department, in an earlier interview. "The murals are valuable works of art, which are also important for historical research. The restoration of the Han Xiu tomb murals is not only a technical feat but also a heartfelt commitment to history."
As Jin puts it, "Artifacts are the witnesses of history, and each mural, each object, tells a story that spans thousands of years. Our work ensures that these stories live on, preserving the true memories of the past for future generations."
